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翻译文本 - English英语 Part I: Introduction to Space Operations
Since the end of the 1950s, space technology has experienced rapid development and extensive use in the military realm, continuously advancing the development of space weapons and equipment, and further propelling the acceleration of the course of the militarization of space. Space operations emerged at a historic moment, ushered in by the militarization of space and forcefully drawn out by international politics and the needs arising from military struggles. In studying joint campaign space operations, one must first grasp the definitions of space operations, their developmental course and trends, and their role and function in future joint campaigns.
Section 1: Definitions and Categories of Space Operations
Scientifically and accurately mastering the definitions of space operations, and rationally analyzing these definitions, are the logical starting points of in-depth research into the theory of space operations.
(1) Definitions of Space Operations
Since the mid-1960s, space technology has received its first widespread use in the military realm. Those nations in the world possessing space technology have all successively begun extensive research on the topic of space operations, and offering, from different perspectives, many explanations of space operations. But until now, among the military academic circles of different nations, there is still a great divergence of views on such questions as the categories and strength composition of space operations. This has resulted, unavoidably, in many different definitions describing space operations.
The U.S. Air Force first put forth the concept of space operations in the Air Force Manual 1-1: Basic Aerospace Doctrine of the United States Air Force (AFM1-1, 1971 edition), which states that “space operations include the series of operational activities such as space control, force enhancement and space support.” The “Space Operations Doctrine” issued by the U.S. Air Force in August 1998, and the draft “Joint Doctrine – The Strategy, Technology, and Procedure of Space Operations” drawn up at the January 2000 Joint Chiefs of Staff Conference, further elaborated on space operations. They defined space operations as “the series of operational or military activities including combat in space (the control of space and the use of capabilities), combat security (mainly referring to capability enhancement), space support (launch of orbital space weapons and their protection in orbit).”
The former Soviet military considered space operations to be the sum total of the military actions, under the leadership of the nation’s highest military command department, that use space weapons and space military system to attack the opponent’s space weapons and related space military systems, with the objectives to weaken opponent capability in space and to seize control of space. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, though the Russian military has yet to clearly state its concept of space operations, one can grasp the Russian military’s basic understanding of space operations from its Russian Military Study and Theory of Space Operations. The Russian military considers space operations as the use of space capabilities to mount offensive and defensive confrontations against the opponent in the outer space, and to support one’s own troops in their series of military actions as they carry out their operational missions. The chief missions in space operations include: reconnaissance, alert, communication, navigation, meteorological observation, geodetic survey, electronic confrontation, nuclear explosion detection, search and rescue, attack of land targets, intercept of orbital space weapons, and space transport, etc.
Superb command of English and high literacy in Chinese. Master’s degrees in English literature and journalism from Columbia University, New York. Specialize in high-quality translation of Chinese open source material (news articles and think tank pieces) and book-length projects (literary, history, and military & defense). Was documentary producer with 15 years’ experience at a major US television network and public television before pursuing translation. Interpreted interviews for political asylum cases.
关键词： politics & government, military & defense, literature, history, current events, education, high quality translation, Chinese-English-Chinese interpretation
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