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Translation glossary: General2

Creator:
Hasan Abu Khalil
Hasan Abu Khalil
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(1) Biome that has plants and animals adapted to survive severe drought conditions. In this habitatevaporation exceeds precipitation and the average amount of precipitation is less than 25 centimeters a year. 
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(2) A unit of measurement for quantifying force. Equivalent to 1000 
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(2) Laying down of sediment transported by windwater 
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(2) Term used to describe a semi-arid landscape that has been influenced by heavy fluvial erosion. Characterized by deep ravines and gulliesshape ridges 
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(3) Accumulation of calcium carbonatecalcium sulfate 
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A cell is the smallest self-functioning unit found in living organisms. Each cell is enclosed by an outer membrane or wall and contains genetic material (DNA) and other parts to carry out its life functions. Some organisms such as bacteria consist of only one cellbut most of the organisms found on the Earth are made up of many cells. 
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A collection of tiny particles of liquid or solid water occurring above the Earth\'s surface. Clouds are classified accord to their height of occurrence and shape. The major types of clouds include: CirrusCirrocumulus 
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A colorlessodorless 
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A habitat that consists of waterlogged spongy ground. Common vegetation are sedges and sphagnum moss. Bogs are common in CanadaRussia 
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A hierarchical system that is used in Canada to classify soils. This system has five levels: ordergreat group 
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A hill shaped deposit of till. The shape of these features resembles an elongated teaspoon laying bowl down. The tapered end of the drumlin points to the direction of glacier advance. Drumlins come in assorted sizes. Lengths can range from 100 to 5000 meters and heights can be as great as 200 meters. 
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A large number of nuclear fissionstaking place within a certain mass of a fissionable isotope 
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A particular form of amensalism found in plants. In this interactionone species produces and releases of chemical substances that inhibit the growth of another species. 
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A process in which heat does not enter or leave a system. In the atmospheric sciencesadiabatic processes are often used to model internal energy changes in rising and descending parcels of air in the atmosphere. When a parcel of air rises in expands because of a reduction in pressure. If no other non-adiabatic processes occur (like condensation 
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A rigidindependent segment of the lithosphere composed of mainly granite that floats on the viscous plastic asthenosphere and moves over the surface of the Earth. The Earth\'s continental plates are an average 125 kilometers thick and were formed more than 3 billion years ago. Also see oceanic plate. 
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A small volcanobetween 100 and 400 meters tall 
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A system that is intelligently controlled by the activities of humans. For examplea dam on a river. 
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A type of detritivore. Detritus feeders acquire the nutrients they need from partially decomposed organic matter found in shed animal tissuesplant litter 
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A type of mass movement where there is a downslope flow of a saturated mass of soilsediment 
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A type of plant community common to areas of the world that have a Mediterranean climate (for exampleCalifornia and Italy). It is characterized by shrubs 
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A unique region on the Earth that has distinct soilslandforms 
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A well developed vertical cloud that often has top shaped like an anvil. These clouds are very dense with condensed and deposited water. Weather associated with this cloud includes: strong winds; hail; lightning; tornadoes; thunder; and heavy rain. When this weather occurs these clouds are then thunderstorms. Can extend in altitude from a few hundred meters above the surface to more than 12000 meters. 
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abstsaining voteامتناع عن التصويت 
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Academic tradition in modern Geography that investigates an area on the Earth from a geographic perspective at either the localregional 
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Air mass that forms over extensive landmass areas of middle to high latitudes. In North Americathese system form over northern Canada. Continental Polar air masses are cold and very dry in the winter and cool and dry in the summer. These air masses are also atmospherically stable in both seasons. 
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Air mass that forms over extensive landmass areas of the high latitudes. In the Northern Hemispherethese system form only in winter over Greenland 
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Air mass that forms over extensive landmasses areas of the low latitudes. In North Americathese system form over southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Continental Tropical air masses are warm and dry in the winter and hot and dry in the summer. These air masses are also generally unstable in the winter and stable in the summer. 
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An apparent force due to the Earth\'s rotation. Causes moving objects to be deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern hemisphere. Coriolis force does not exist on the equator. This force is responsible for the direction of flow in meteorological phenomena like mid-latitude cycloneshurricanes 
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An atmospheric pressure system consisting of an area of high pressure and outward circular surface wind flow. In the Northern Hemisphere winds from an anticyclone blow clockwisewhile Southern Hemisphere systems blow counterclockwise. 
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An organism that receives the nutrients (food) required for maintenancegrowth 
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Angle at which the Sun\'s rays or insolation strike the Earth\'s surface. If the Sun is positioned directly over head or 90° from the horizonthe incoming insolation strikes the surface of the Earth at right angles and is most intense. 
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Aquifer between two layers of relatively impermeable earth materialssuch as clay or shale. 
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Area of low pressure in the atmosphere that displays circular inward movement of air. In the Northern Hemisphere circulation is counterclockwisewhile Southern Hemisphere cyclones have clockwise wind patterns. 
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Atmospheric absorption is defined as a process in which solar radiation is retained by a substance and converted into heat energy. The creation of heat energy also causes the substance to emit its own radiation. In generalthe absorption of solar radiation by substances in the Earth\'s atmosphere results in temperatures that get no higher than 1800° Celsius. According to Wien\'s Law 
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Collapse of the Universe into its original form before the Big Bang. At the end of this process matterenergy 
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Combined weight of an atom\'s electronsprotons 
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Common gas found in the atmosphere. Has the ability to selectively absorb radiation in the longwave band. This absorption causes the greenhouse effect. The concentration of this gas has been steadily increasing in the atmosphere over the last three centuries due to the burning of fossil fuelsdeforestation 
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Conversion of marginal rangeland or cropland to a more desert like land type. Desertification can be caused by overgrazingsoil erosion 
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Current official world time reference for civil and scientific purposes. Coordinated Universal Time is measured from six standard atomic clocks at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) in ParisFrance. Implemented in 1964. 
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Cycling of a single elementcompound or chemicals by various abiotic and biotic processes through the various stores found in the biosphere 
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Date during the year when the declination of the Sun is at 23.5° South of the equator. During the December solsticelocations in the Northern Hemisphere experience their shortest day. The December solstice is also the first day of winter in the Northern Hemisphere. Locations in the Southern Hemisphere have their longest day on the June solstice. This date also marks the first day of summer in the Southern Hemisphere. 
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Dew point is the temperature at which water vapor saturates from an air mass into liquid or solid usually forming rainsnow 
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Field of knowledge that studies the naturemotion 
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General theory that suggests that certain phenomena on the Earth are the result of catastrophic events. For examplethe Biblical Flood is responsible for sedimentary rock formations and the extinction of the dinosaurs. 
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Geographic model or representation of the real world. For examplemaps and globes are abstractions of the real world or concrete space. 
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Geologic eon that occurred from 2500 to 3800 million years ago. During this time periodthe first single-celled prokaryote organisms evolved and developed. 
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Geologic period that occurred from 570 to 505 million years ago. During this periodinvertebrates become common in the oceans and the Burgess Shale was formed. 
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Geologic period that occurred roughly 360 to 408 million years ago. During this periodthe first amphibians and trees appear. 
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Geologic period that occurred roughly 65 to 144 million years ago. During this periodthe first flowering plant species appear and dinosaurs are at their greatest diversity. Dinosaurs die out at the end of this period. 
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Geometric pattern that a stream\'s channels take in the landscape. These patterns are controlled by factors such as slopeclimate 
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